Glossary of terms

GLOSSARY

19-Nor 4-Androstene3, 17diol - Which is the same as 19-Nor 4-AD, except for two differences. First, the diols have a higher rate of conversion (16%) than the diones (6%) and second they utilize different enzymes for conversion.
19-Nor 4-androstenedione (19-Nor 4-AD) - Is a prohormone that is one metabolic step away from nor-testosterone or nandrolone. Nandrolone is the base of the anabolic steroid Deca-Durabolin. The difference between 4-AD and 19-Nor 4-AD is the same difference between testosterone and nandrolone. Testosterone imparts muscular size, decreased body fat, strength, and recovery but also endows male characteristics. Nandrolone imparts the same beneficial side effects but without the male characteristics.

4-Androstene3, 17diol - Since, this compound contains a diol ending it has much higher rate of conversion than androstenedione.

5-Methyl 7-methoxyisoflavone (MIF) - MIF is an anabolic isoflavone thought to promote the mineral and nitrogen retention.

A - This vitamin is used for night vision, body tissue repair and maintenance.

Acetylcholine - A neurotransmitter that is critical for optimum nervous-system functioning.
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) - A compound that, when broken down, produces the energy that enables the muscles and other organs to function.
Alpha-Linolenic Acid - An essential fatty acid.
Alpha Ketoglutarate (AKG) - Potential increase in ATP, Improves aerobic/anaerobic exercise if combined with vitamin B6. Amino Acids - Chemical molecules which combine to form the various proteins. There are 22 common amino acids. The human body can synthesize (manufacture) 14 of them. The other 8 must come from the diet and are therefore called essential amino acids.
Ammonia - A toxic metabolic waste product.
Anaerobic - Without oxygen.
Anaerobic Activity - A high-intensity, low endurance activity that requires burst of energy for power or speed.
Androstenedione (4-Androstene3, 17dione [4-AD]) - Oral applications of Androstenedione may increase blood levels of testosterone. This effect may cause increased energy, enhanced growth and recovery from external stressors (such as weight training). The increase in testosterone levels may be as great as between 40 - 87% and may stay elevated for up to 3 hours. Our body converts 4-AD to testosterone via a liver enzyme. Testosterone is responsible for muscular growth, decreased body fat, strength, and recovery. Testosterone is also responsible for body hair growth, deepening of the voice and increased aggression. Some of these side effects can be beneficial to men but women need to pay close attention to the male characteristic side effects.
Bl -This vitamin is used for blood building, carbohydrate metabolism, energy, growth, muscle tone, circulation maintenance of intestine, stomach, heat and appetite.
B2 (Riboflavin) - This vitamin is used by the body for antibody and red cell formation, cell respiration, metabolism of protein, fat and carbohydrates.
B3 (Niacin) - This vitamin is used for circulation growth, sex hormone production, metabolism of protein, fat and cholesterol level reduction.
B5 (Pantothenic Acid) - This vitamin is used for antibody and steroid formation, conversion of carbohydrate, fat and protein into energy, and growth stimulation.
B6 (Pyridoxine) - This vitamin is used for fat, protein metabolism (particularly Methionine Tryptophan), antibody formation, and sodium potassium balance.
B12 (Cobalamin) - This vitamin is used for fat, protein and Carbohydrate metabolism, blood cell information, and fatty acid synthesis.
Beta Carotene - The preferred form of vitamin A. Acts as a natural antioxidant, and nutritionists today feel it is an important part of a balanced nutritional regiment.
Beta Sitosterol - A sterol (plant hormone) derived from crude germs oils. May increases growth hormone and natural testosterone levels in the body.
Bioflavonoids - This vitamin is used for a mild stimulant, capillary maintenance.
Biological Value (BV) - Both the biological efficiency of a protein and any of a number of methods used to measure a protein's biological efficiency.
Biotin - This vitamin is used for fat, protein and Carbohydrate metabolism, cell growth, and fatty acid production.
Boron - A mineral that not only aides in calcium absorption but also may increase blood levels of testosterone. Usual daily dosage is 3 mg.
Branched Chain Amino Acids (BCAAs) - Three amino acids (Leucine, lsoleucine, Valine) which are quickly absorbed by muscle tissue and help create a positive nitrogen balance thus promoting muscular growth.
Bromelain - A naturally extracted digestive enzyme that may help accelerate tissue repair.
C (Ascorbic Acid) - This vitamin is used for collagen production, bone and tooth formation, healing, digestion, red blood cell formation, infection and shock resistance, iodine conservation, and protection against vitamin oxidation.
Calcium (Ca) - This mineral is used for bone and tooth formation, muscle growth and contraction, blood clotting, heart rhythm, and nerve transmission and tranquilizing.
Cannibalization - The breakdown of the muscle tissue by the body for the purpose of obtaining amino acids for other metabolic purposes.
Carbohydrate - Any of various neutral compounds of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (as sugar, starches, cellulose) most of which are formed by green plants and which constitute a major class of animal foods.
Carnitine - An amino acid which may encourage the body to bum fat for energy rather than carbohydrates.
Calorie - A unit of measurement used to express the energy value of food.
Complex Carbohydrate - Are made up of sugars but the sugar molecules are strung together to form longer, more complex chains. Complex Carbs include fiber and starches.
Chitosan - Is a fiber supplement derived from the shells of crustaceans. May block fat absorption. Chitosan is used by dieters to prevent absorption of digested dietary fats. Due to its positive ionic charge Chitosan may have the ability to attract and discharge these fats and prevent it from accumulating as body fat.
Choline - This vitamin is used for fat and cholesterol metabolism, nerve transmission, lecithin formation, liver and gall bladder regulation.
Chondroltin Sulfate - Is another biological polymer derived from connective tissue. It acts as the flexible connecting matrix between the tough protein filaments in cartilage to help give it both strength and elasticity.
Chromium - A mineral important in the metabolism of sugars and insulin production. Recent studies have shown that this mineral taken in dosages of 200 mcg. (.2 mg) daily may greatly increase lean muscle mass while decreasing fat.
Chrysin - May enhance testosterone production by minimizing the conversion of testosterone to estrogen, a process which occurs naturally in our bodies and accelerates as testosterone levels go up.
CLA (Conjugated Linoleic Acid) - One of the three fatty acids found in fish oil.
Collagen - The main protein constituent, the organic substance of bones.
Copper (Cu) - This mineral controls oxidation of vitamin C, collagen, elastin, bone, hemoglobin, red blood cell formation and the bodies healing process.
Co Q IO (Coenzyme Q 10) - A molecule that controls oxygen flow within cells and acts as a catalyst in the creation of energy.
Cortisol - A hormone secreted by the adrenal glands that stimulates catabolism. Cortisol lowers immune response, making it easier to get sick. It also breaks down muscle tissue. When cortisol levels get too high, you get weaker, sick or over-trained. Sometimes even all three!
Creatine Monohydrate - A naturally occurring dietary component found exclusively in muscle meats and dairy products. All commercially sold Creatine Monohydrate is from synthetic sources.
Cyclodextrins - Are forms of starch that have been shown to enhance the oral absorption of many drugs. Cyclodextrins perform this task by forming unique bonds with their guest compound when combined via solution chemistry. This chemical bond has the ability to enhance the guest compounds aqueous solubility, provide protection in their micro environment, provide more convenient physical forms, and alter their physical properties. In other words, the guest compound is protected inside the apolar cavity of the cyclodextrin cone and smuggled through the lipid membranes of the mouth.
Cytochrome C - A chemical compound composed of amino acids and iron which acts as a carrier of oxygen uptake by the cells, thus prolonging endurance.
D - This vitamin is used for metabolism of calcium and phosphorus, maintenance of nervous system, blood clotting, heart action, skin respiration and bone formation.
DHEA - Dehydroepiandrosterone- is a hormone produced by the adrenal gland. Primary function is to produce estrogen and testosterone.
Dibencozide - The biologically active coenzyme of vitamin 12, necessary in the metabolism of fat, proteins and carbohydrates. Some studies have shown it to produce results in strength and size comparable to steroids.
Diindolylmethane (DIM) - DIM is the active intermediate of Indole-3-carbinol. DIM is thought to have the ability to regulate estrogen conversion by inhibiting the Cytochrome P-450 enzyme.
DiMethyl Glycine (DMG) - A substance originally isolated from apricot kernels. Said to increase oxygen uptake and decrease recovery time between workouts.
Di-peptide - Two amino acids linked together.
D-Ribose - Provides the building blocks for the formation of ATP and extra phosphate for the recycling of ATP. This new supplement should lead to increased strength, endurance, fat free mass, and muscle recovery.
E - This vitamin is used as an antioxidant, increase oxygen availability, aging retardation, blood cholesterol reduction strengthens capillary walls, lung protection.
Echinacea - Is a herb that helps promote general well-being during the cold and flu season.
Electrolytes - Important minerals such as potassium, magnesium, sodium and calcium, that help provide continuity in the passage of fluid through your body.
Emulsified - A process whereby oil globules are broken down to such tiny size that they are able to disperse and suspend in water without separation.
Enzyme - A protein produced by living cells that catalyze chemical reaction in organic matter.
Essential Amino Acids - An alpha amino acid (as lysine) required for optimum growth and supplied in the diet usually in the form of protein.
Essential Fatty Acids (EFA's) - Are fats that our bodies can't make, so we obtain them through our diets. These fats (which include linoleic & linolenic acid) are very important to hormone production as well as cellular synthesis and integrity.
Folic Acid - This vitamin is used for red blood cell formation, protein metabolism, appetite, body growth and reproduction.
Free Form Amino Acids - Separate and isolate amino acids not bound or linked to any other amino acids.
Fructose - A simple carbohydrate that is a monosaccharide. It is absorbed and utilized by the body much slower then glucose and has therefore become the preferred form of sugar in health foods.
GABA - An essential fatty acid derivative that your body breaks down to obtain energy. Regulates your cardiovascular system and may lower blood pressure.
Gamma Oryzanol - A by product of rice bran which may help increase lean body mass while decreasing fatty tissue. Also may help increase testosterone production.
Garlic Extracts - Has properties of being a stimulant, anti spasmodic and antibiotic. Also helps lower total cholesterol level.
Ginger - Is known for possibly lowering gastric acidity. This action may allow a higher percentage of nutritional ingredients to be absorbed by the body.
Ginseng - Highly prized Oriental herb reputed to give long life. Increases hormone production, heart rate, regulate blood pressure, improve sexual function and increase vitality.
Glandulars - Supplements derived from animal glands which may boost human gland function.
Glucosamine - Helps stimulate the production of connective tissue, specifically cartilage.
Glutathione - A tripeptide of glutamine acid, cysteine, and glycine; fundamentally important in cellular respiration.
Glycemic Index - Applies to the amount of sugar in one's blood. The normal range is 70-110mg/100ml.
Glycerol - May help enhance performance in endurance athletes by preventing dehydration.
Glycine - Of special value as a source of creatine which is essential for muscle function, braking down glycogen and freeing energy. Produces glycogen which mobilizes glycogen (a stored energy source of glucose) from the liver. Builds up the immune system, producing immunoglobulins and antibodies. Acts as a nitrogen pool for the syntheses of nonessential amino acids. Effective for hyperacidity, used in many gastric antacid agents.
Golden Seal Root - A stimulant that increases your bodies tonic properties. Stimulates secretion of bile. A key component of the emulsion of your bodies fat.
Guarana - Is a natural source of caffeine.
HMB - Or Beta-hydroxy-metylbutyrate is produced in the body from proteins containing the amino acid Leucine. HMB's effects on muscle metabolism were discovered and patented by scientists at Iowa State University and Vanderbilt University. HMB may increase the strengthening effects of exercise by minimizing the muscle tissue breakdown that occurs after strenuous activity. This enables the body to speed up the muscle building process and gain significantly more strength.
Hydrolyzed Protein - A protein that has already been broken down, usually by enzymes, and is a mixture of free-form, di-peptide, and tri-peptide amino acids.
Hydroxy Citric Acid - (CitriMaxTM- Garcian Cambogia)- A natural citric acid which may help curb the appetite according to the studies.
lnosine - This vitamin is used for cholesterol and fat metabolism, cholesterol reduction, lecithin information, hair growth, and retardation of artery hardening.
Ion Exchange - A technique of separating materials by revertible interchange between ions of like charge.
Iron (Fe) - This mineral is used for hemoglobin production, stress and disease resistance.
Krebs cycle - The metabolic process in which energy is released from glucose, fatty-acid, or protein molecules and used to regenerate adenosine-triphosphate molecules.
L-Alanine - Used as body fuel by tissues of the brain, nervous system and muscles. Important in converting energy to stored energy in the bodies Kreb's energy cycle.
Glycogenic, (energy storage source of glucose by the liver and muscles), important nitrogen quality of post injury states. Builds up the immune system producing immunoglobulins and antibodies. Metabolizes sugars and organic acids.
L-Arginine - Indispensable for optimum growth. Stimulates the release of growth hormone, important to muscle metabolism. Acts as a vehicle for transport, storage and excretion of nitrogen. Increases muscle mass while decreasing the amount of body fat. Plays an important role in post injury problems such as weight changes, nitrogen balance and tissue healing. Increases collagen, the main supportive fibrous protein found in bone, cartilage and other connective tissue. Stimulates the immune system. Combats physical and mental fatigue. Increases spermatogenesis. Used in the treatment of hepatic (liver) disorders. Transforms to L-Ornithine and Urea. Promotes the detoxification of ammonia which is poisonous to living cells.
L-Asparflc Acid - Increases resistance to fatigue. Involved in the formation of RNA and DNA, the chemical base of hereditary and carries of genetic information. Salts of Aspic acid increase stamina and endurance. Protects the liver and promotes normal cell function. Builds up the immune system producing immunogobulin and antiglobulin.
L-Citulline - Helps recovery from fatigue. Stimulates the immune systems, therefore, is beneficial in the presence of any illness, disease, traumatic injury or wound. Metabolizes to L-Arginine. Detoxifies ammonia which is poisonous to living cells.
L-Cysteine - Found to increase hair growth by as much as 100%. Effective in preventing not only hangovers but also brain and liver damage from alcohol. Helps prevent damage from the ill effects of cigarette smoke. Detoxifies many harmful chemicals. Helpful in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Promotes healing and immune system.
L-Glutamic Acid - Especially important in brain metabolism. Functions as brain fuel, serving as an excitatory neurotransmitter, Transports potassium across the blood-brain barrier. Combines to form L-Glutamine and in the process picks up ammonia radicals. This is the only method the brain has of detoxifying ammonia. Instrumental in the metabolism of other amino acids. Metabolizes sugars and fats. Increases the blood sugar level; used in the treatment of hypoglycemia.
L-Glutamine - Sustains mental ability involved with brain metabolism. Along with L-Glutamic acid is used as a brain fuel. Used in the treatment of alcoholism, can protect against alcohol poisoning. Has been used in the treatment of schizophrenia and senility. For bodybuilders, the importance of maintaining high muscle Glutamine levels is well documented. The stress of high intensity training can drop muscle Glutamine levels to a range where catabolism of muscle tissue begins and anabolism (growth) is impossible.
L-Histidine - Used in the treatment of allergic diseases. Also used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Effective in the treatment of ulcers of the digestive organs. Important in the production of red and white blood cells; i.e. treatment of anemia.
L-Isoleucine - Primarily metabolized in muscle tissue. Essential to the formation of the hemoglobin. Should always be in well balanced proportion with L-Leucine and L-Valine.
Lecithin - A phospholipid containing glycerol, fatty acids, phosphoric acid and choline. Serves as a structural material to every cell in the body. Important to the brain and nerves.
L-Leucine - Metabolized in muscle tissue. Promotes healing of skin and broken bones. Lowers elevated blood sugar levels. Should always be in well balanced proportion with L-Valine and lsoleucine.
Lipotropic - Applies to substances essential for fat metabolism, promoting the physiologic utilization of fat.
L-Lysine - Inhibits the growth of viruses. Used in the treatment of Herpes Simplex virus. Produces L-Carnitine which improves stress tolerance and fat metabolism and has an anti fatigue effect. Promotes bone growth by helping collagen, the fibrous protein which makes up bone, cartilage and other connective tissue.
L-Methionine - Lipotropic (preventing excessive fat buildup in the liver). Helps prevent premature hair loss. Interacts with other body substances to detoxify harmful compounds. Is included in nutritional supplementation as an anti fatigue agent.
L-Ornithine - Stimulates the release of growth hormone which increases muscle mass while decreasing the amount of body fat. Helps build up the immune system. Promotes liver function and regeneration. Important in the formation of Urea, detoxifying ammonia which is poisonous to living cells. Promotes healing.
L-Phenylalanine - Produces and maintains an elevated and positive mood, alertness and ambition. Enhances learning and memory, produces neurotransmitters which control impulse transmission between nerve cells. Is involved in dopamine transmission. Used in the treatment of certain types of depression. Suppresses appetite.
L-Proline - Extremely important for the proper function of joints and tendons, as well as good heart muscles. Glycogenic (energy storage source of glucose by the liver and muscles) a major constituent of collagen, the main fibrous protein found in bone, cartilage and other tissues.
L-Serine - Glycogenic (energy storage source of glucose by the liver and muscles). Builds up the immune system, producing immunoglobulins and antibodies.
L-Threonine - Lipotropic (preventing fatty buildup in the liver). Glycogenic(energy storage source of glucose by the liver and muscles) essential to normal growth. Generally low in vegetarian diets. Builds up the immune system producing immunoglobulin and antibodies. Is an important constitute of collagen and elastin proteins.
L-Tryptophan - Used by the brain to produce the neurotransmitter Serotin which results in calming effect. Used in the treatment of insomnia, stress, anxiety and depression. Stimulates the release of growth hormone which bums body fat and acts as an aid in weight control. Used in the treatment of migraines.
L-Tyrosine - Plays an important rule in the function of the adrenal, pituitary and thyroid glands. Generates red and white blood cells. Elevates mood. Is used in the treatment of anxiety, depression and insomnia. Produces Melanin, skin and hair pigment, Produces Nor epinephrine, an appetite inhibitory neurotransmitter that suppresses appetite. Stimulates the release of growth hormone which causes muscle growth and reduces body fat.
L-Valine - Glycogenic(energy storage of glucose by the liver and the muscles) metabolized in muscles. Should always be in well balanced proportion with L-Leucine and L-isoleucine.
Lycopens Caritinoid - Found in natural fruits and vegetables.
MCT - Medium Chain Triglycerides, caprylic acid source. Provides twice the energy power of proteins and carbohydrates and reduces muscle protein breakdown during recovery and healing.
Magnesium (Mg)- This mineral is used for muscle relaxation, acid and alkaline balance, enzyme activation, blood sugar, calcium and vitamin C metabolism.
Manganese (Mn)- This mineral is used for carbohydrate metabolism, enzyme activation, reproduction and sex hormone production.
Melatonin - A natural hormone available in synthetic form for supplementation. Used extensively as a sleep aid.
MSM - Methyl Sulfonyl Methane, found naturally in many green plants and algae. MSM is destroyed through heat and dehydration and therefore is not usually present in our daily diet. As a food supplement, MSM may relieve stress and create support for bones, joints and tissues. MSM may also speed healing, increase energy and mental calmness.
Octacosanol - A naturally derived wheat germ oil concentrate which has been clinically proven to increase oxygen utilization when exercising.
Para-Amino Benzoic Acid (PABA) - This vitamin is used for protein metabolism, intestinal bacteria, absorption of ultraviolet rays, hair color restoration and blood cell formation.
Peptide Bonded Amino Acids - Amino acids which are only partially separated from other amino acids. Usually found in chains and joined by peptide bound.
Phosphorous (P) - This mineral is used for bone and tooth formation, cell growth and repair, heart muscle contractions, energy production, calcium and sugar metabolism and kidney function.
Pollen - Substance found in flowers and harvested by bees. Contains all 22 amino acids and 96 other nutrients. Helps boost energy and endurance and speeds up recovery time.
Potassium (K) - This mineral is used for muscle contraction and relaxation, enzyme activation, heart beat, and growth.
Precursor - A substance which is converted to another; i.e. Beta Carotene to Vitamin A as it is assimilated by the body.
Protein - Any of numerous naturally occurring extremely complex combinations of amino acids that contain the elements carbon, oxygen, sulfur, iron, phosphorus, and/or other elements that are essential constituents of all living cells and are synthesized from raw materials by plants but assimilated as separate amino acids.
Pycnogenol - A natural extract from pine trees. Pycnogenol is a powerful antioxidant and the most readily absorbed and bio-available member of the bio-flavonoid family.
Pyruvate - Is a compound that occurs naturally in the body and is the end product of the metabolism of sugar and starch.
Red Sage - Has two actions. Red sage is a natural benzodiazepine derivative, which may help to lower cortisol levels. Red sage has also been thought to prolong the natural testosterone surge associated with weight training.
Riboflavin - See vitamin B2.
Saw Palmetto - Has two distinct actions. Saw palmetto may block the enzyme responsible for the formation of DHT or dihydrotestosterone, which can contribute to the possible negative side effects of the Prohormones. Saw Palmetto may also be anti-estrogenic. This means it may have the ability to decrease estrogen absorption, which can be elevated from increased testosterone levels.
St. John's Wort - A natural herb effective for depression, anxiety, agitation, insomnia, loss of interest, and excessive sleeping.
Selenium (Se) - Prevents or slows aging caused by antioxidants. Keep youthful elasticity in tissues.
Shark Cartilage - Contains mucopolysaccharides which may cause anti-angiogenic action that has been shown to be effective in preventing the formation of some solid tumors after extended use. May stimulate immune system functioning.
Side cordifollia - Has similar effects to Ma huang without the dangerous alkaloids.
Simple Carbohydrates - Sometimes called simple sugars, include fructose, sucrose, and lactose as well as several other sugars.
SIMM� (Simmondson) - This unique herb derived from the jojoba fruit has been shown in animal studies to be a potent appetite regulator.
Smilax - A chemical substance derived from the Sarsaparilla plant said to boost natural testosterone levels in the body.
Sodium (Na)- This mineral is used for cellular fluid balance, and muscle retractions.
Sterols - Plant hormones usually isolated from crude germ oils which aid the body in hormone production in fat metabolism.
Succinates - Vital nutrients that are important metabolic activators, especially in the production of ATP, an energy compound. Sulfur - This mineral is used for body tissue formation and collagen synthesis.
Synergism - The joint action of agents so that the combined effect is greater than the sum of their individual effects.
Taurine - Found in high concentrations in the tissues of the heart, skeletal muscle and central nervous system. Used to treat some forms of epilepsy by controlling seizures.
Testosterone- Hormone produced by both men and women which controls masculinization in the body and the key hormone in muscle building.
Thermogenic - This term means heat producing or fat burning.
Tribulus terrestris - Is a plant which grows in moderate climates and many tropical areas of the world. This compound is extremely rich in substances of biological significance, including: saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, and other nutrients.
Vanadyl Sulfate - Trace mineral which works like insulin to increase the amount of glucose and amino acids driven into the muscle. Vanadyl Sulfate Has been shown to reduce and improve glucose tolerance as well as increase insulin action inside living cells. These mechanisms are used in rapid tissue growth particularly when stressed.
White Willow Bark - This natural medicinal herb contains a substance called salicin. It has been used as a natural cure to help break fevers, alleviate headaches, and reduce pain and swelling in joints.
Yohimbe Bark - A chemical substance derived from the Yohimbe said to boost natural testosterone levels in the body, fertility, and muscle and nerve maintenance.
Zinc (Zn)- This mineral is used for protein metabolism, enzyme activation, burn and wound healing, sex organ growth, and maturity, prostate glad function reproductive organ growth and development.